1.GIVING INVITATIONS
Berikut adalah eksperesi “Giving invitation” yaitu ekspresi yang biasa digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris ketika kita ingin “mengajak”/ kalimat-kalimat ajakan.
 
1) Words and expressions used in giving an invitation.
- Would you like a dance with me?
- Do you want eating out with me?
- Would you come to my place for dinner tonight, please?
- Would you mind coming over on Saturday night?
Berikut ini adalah ekspressi untuk merespon ajakan diatas
 
2. Words and expressions used in responding and invitation.
a) Accepting an invitation (menerima ajakan)
- with pleaseure
-I’d love to very much
-Thanks for your invitation
-Yes, it would be nice
-Yes, it would be very kind of you
-etc
b) Refusing an invitation (menolak ajakan)
-I’m sorry I can’t. I have another boy friend
- Thanks but I’m affraid I can’t
-Oh, I’d love to but I have to work. 

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3.Mengungkapkan kepastian (Expressing certainty)
Berbagai macam ungkapan digunakan dengan tepat untuk mengungkapkan kepastian.  
§ Phonology
§ Relevant Vocabulary and Expressions
§ Vocabulary:
- Words and expressions used in expressing certainty:
▪ I’m sure that it’s going to rain.
▪ I’m certain it will work.
▪ It must be him who called.
▪ You might be correct. 

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4.Memberikan pujian dan merespon pujian (Giving and responding to compliments)
 Berbagai macam ungkapan digunakan dengan tepat untuk memberikan dan merespon pujian ▪ Well done!
▪ Fantastic!
▪ That’s great!
▪ Thank you.
▪ Do you really think so?
▪ It’s very kind of you to say that.
▪ Thanks, I need that.
▪ You’ve made my day.

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5.Expressing agreement/disagreement
(mengungkapkan persetujuan/ketidaksetujuan)
Dalam kehidupan sehari – hari pasti kalian sering menayakan apakah seseorang setuju atau tidak setuju dengan apa yang kalian lakukan atau kalian pilih.
Berikut beberapa ucapan yang dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan persetujuan atau ketidak setujuan

agreement	Disagreement
I agree. That’s true. You’re right. I approve. It’s a good idea. What an idea. That’s fine. Marvelious!	I disagree. That’s not true. You’re wrong. I don’t approve. It is not a good idea. Forget it! That is not fine. How awful!

Pada dasarnya ungkapan – ungkapan pada setiap kolom mempunyai pengertian yang sama yaitu mengiyakan atau menyetujui suatu pendapat ( agreement ) dan tidak menyetujui suatu pendapat ( disagreement )

Contoh percakapan : 
1.   Rena : what do you think if I try the now mixer? 
    Dani : it’s a good idea.

2.   Lita : do you agree if I buy the red dress? 
    Feni : I disagree. Find another colour. 

3.   Father : do you agree if we go to the zoo? 
    Doni : marvelious!

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6.ARGUING
Arguing is the disciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning: that is, claims based, soundly or not, or premises.
Argumentation includes debate and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions. It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primery goal. This art and science is often the means by which people protect their beliefs or self-interest in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the process of arguing.
KEY COMPONENT OF ARGUING
Understanding and identifying arguments, either explicits or implied, and the goals of the participants in the different types of dialogue.
Identifying the premises from which conclusions are derived.
For the one carrying the "burden of proof", the advocate, to marshal evidence for his/her position in order to convince or force the opponent's acceptance. The method by which this is accomplished is producing, devoid weaknesses, and not easily attacked.
In debate, fulfillment of the burden of proof creates a burden of rejoinder. One must try to identify faulty reasoning in the opponent's argument, to provide counterexamples if possible, to identify any fallacies, and to show why a valid conclusion can't be derived 

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GRAMMAR :

A.Conjunction

Apa itu conjunction? Dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata sambung/penghubung yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan satu kalimat dengan beberapa kalimat atau frase dengan frase. Kata sambung bahasa inggris/ contoh conjunction yang sering dipakai dalam percakapan atau teks berbahasa Inggris adalah for, as, because, but, and, or, if, although dsb.kata sambung dalam bahasa inggris / Conjunction dibedakan menjadi dua macam menurut fungisnya yaitu subordinating conjunction dan coordinating conjunction.

1. Subordinating Conjunction
Conjunction / kata sambung dalam bahasa inggris jenis ini berfungsi untuk menghubunkan antara induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat. Kata penghubung yang termasuk dalam tipe ini adalah:

Conjunction	Contoh conjunction dalam Kalimat
Who	The girl who is reading a novel is my sister
Which	I love that picture which can make me happy
Where	The teacher knows where the students are hiding.
Why	Mom doesn’t know why the washing machine is not working.
How	Dad knows how to fix a car
That	-Rob realized that it’s not his fault -The wallet that is brought by him is gone.
While	Uncle Sam is gardening while Patsy takes a nap
Whether	I don’t know whether it’s right or wrong
Before	I had locked the door before I left the house
Although, though	I have to attend the lectures although it’s going to rain
Since	We have had in a relationship since in high school.
So that	-You are so beautiful that everybody’s attracted to you. -Harry has to study hard so that he can pass the national exam
Until	You have to wait until the bus comes.
As	-Coolie fell down the stairs as he tried to get down
After	I directly go to campus after taking a bath
As if	She talks  as if knowing everything
In order that	You need to smile in order that she likes you.
Once	Gary called his girlfriend once he got a badnews
Beause of + (noun phrase)Because + (S+V)	-My roommate is screaming because of the sudden dark. -She did not come today because she is sick.
Unless	You may sign the attendance list unless you come on time
If	I won’t give them a mercy if I were you.
Than	You’d better find the solution soon than complaining.
As long as	You’re allowed to live here as long as you pay the monthly fee.

2. Coordinating Conjunction
Conjunction / kata sambung dalam bahasa inggris tipe ini berfungsi untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang berkedudukan sama dan terletak di antara kalimat/klausa yang dihubungkan.

Conjunction	Contoh conjunction dalam kalimat
And	She’s smart and pretty I think.
But	My brother is mischievous but diligent.
Or	You want money or prize?
However	The fuel cost is rising up however the public transportation cost won’t make any change.
nevertheless	The tuition fee is increasing each year, nevertheless the rector won’t let the students get difficulties in their study.
therefore	It’s hard to earn money therefore you have to save more money.
for	I did not withdraw the money for the bank was closed
yet	Rudy loves to eat a lot yet he doesn’t grow bigger.
so	The shop offers a great sale so there are numerous of customers come to it.
Both…and…..	Both of you and me are rivals
Neither..nor..	Neither my parents nor my friends do not care to me.
Either…or….	Either Gaby or Jennifer is a good girl
Not only…. But also…	Kim is not only talkative but also funny.

B. Constructions ''Used To''

Elliptical atau Elipsis adalah penghilangan kata atau sejumlah kata dari suatu kalimat yang bertujuan agar kalimat menjadi lebih pendek dan lebih baik susunannya.
Susunan Elipsis sering digunakan banyak orang baik dalam percakapan maupun dalam bentuk tulisan. Semua ini ditujukan untuk menyingkat kalimat dan memperindah susunan kalimat namun tidak merubah makna dan arti sama sekali. Bayangkan kalau kita membaca sebuah buku dan buku itu berisi kalimat-kalimat yang tidak perlu. Tentu kita akan bosan membacanya. Oleh karena itu, maka Susunan Elipsis ini penting untuk dipelajari.

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Perhatikan cara menggabungkan beberapa kalimat di bawah ini agar menjadi lebih singkat dan tersusun rapi, namun tidak merubah arti sama sekali.

• He is busy. I am busy
  (= He is busy and I am too)
  (= He is busy and so am I)
• Mary is beautiful. You are beautiful
  (= Mary is beautiful and you are too)
  (= Mary is beautiful and so are you)
• My brother can swim well. You can swim well
  (= My brother can swim well and you can too)
  (= My brother can swim well and so can you)
• Alex buys a new car. Henry buys a news car.
  (= Alex buys a new car and Henry does too)
  (= Alex buys a new car and so does Henry)
• Jack went to Bali yesterday. William went to Bali yesterday.
  (= Jack went to Bali yesterday and William did too)
  (= Jack went to Bali yesterday and so did William)

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• Ed doesn't like mango. George doesn't like mango.
  (= Ed doesn't like mango and George doesn't either)
  (= Ed doesn't like mango and neither does George )
• My father won't come there. I won't come there.
  (= My father won't come there and I won't either)
  (= My father won't come there and neither will I)
• She never comes here. He never comes here.
  (= She never comes here and he doesn't either)
  (= She never comes here and neither does he)

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CATATAN

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Ada beberapa adverbs of frequency yang dianggap negatif seperti:

• never
• seldom
• rarely
• few
• hardly
• barely
• scarely
• litlle
• dll

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• Stephanie is clever. Her sister isn't clever
  (= Stephanie is clever but her sister isn't)
• She does not have a pen. I have a pen.
  (= She doesnot have a pen but I do)

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BEBERAPA TEMPAT TERJADINYA SUSUNAN ELIPSIS

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1. Menghilangkan Subjek dan atau Auxiliary/Modal

• Mr. Hunt ate a piece of bread for breakfast and (he) drank a cup of coffee. (= kata "he" sebaiknya dihilangkan karena tidak perlu pengulangan subjek)
• My servant has swept the floor, (my servant has) washed the dishes, and (my servant has) cooked our lunch. (= "my servant has" selalu berulang-ulang. Oleh karena itu, sebaiknya dihilangkan)
• To save the time, you should clean the house and Mary (should) cook the meal.

2. Menghilangkan Predikat

• I work at school and my wife (works) at a bank.
• Jack will visit the church, while Ahmad (will visit) the mosque.

3. Menghilangkan Objek Langsung

• Why do you open (the door) and (you) close the door?

 C.Noun Clauses



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